FORTUNE TELLING:
METHODS, THEMES ANDTHE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
A Research Paper Presented to
Sir Dustin Celestino
Asia Pacific College
Magallanes, Makati City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Course
RESWRIT – Research Writing
Alpha Mae
T. Pedralvez
October
2012
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
of the Study
There
are people who desire to reveal everything that are hidden. Some are
discontented for chasing and knowing the secrets of life. One of things a
person enjoys to reveal is fortune or destiny which will never be shown until
the right time. What make life interesting and exciting are the mysteries of
fortune or destiny. People look for tendencies to reveal the secrets of life
and this is the start of the art of practicing
to predict one’s future. The answer to the curiosity of some people is fortune
telling.
One of the
most difficult areas within psychology to study is paranormal belief. A huge
part of this difficulty lies in its lack of standard definition. “A paranormal
belief is defined on a working basis as a proposition that has not been
empirically attested to the satisfaction of the scientific establishment but is
generated within the nonscientific community and extensively endorsed by people
who might normally be expected by their society to be capable of rational
thought and reality testing.” (Irwin,2009). The understanding of paranormal belief is
still unclear as a single definition of paranormal belief has yet to be widely
accepted by the psychological community.
According to
existing literature, fortune telling is considered to include a number of
different paranormal items that can, supposedly, allow a fortune teller special
knowledge about the future; such items include psychic ability, extra sensory
perception (ESP) and many different divinatory arts (e.g. cartomancy,
astrology, palmistry, crystallomancy etc.) (Irwin, 2009). This has led to
a simple understanding of fortune telling where, according to parapsychological
research, belief in fortune telling is constituted as belief that abilities to
read or foretell the future are real or genuine.
According
to Ed Beckham Ph.D. on anxiety, “fortune telling is a type of worrying in which
person’s project negative outcomes into the future. They worry about what might
happen as if it were a foregone conclusion or as if it had already happened. As
a result, these types of thought causes people to feel anxious and upset about
something that has not happened and may never happen.”
Many people affirm their fortune
tellers while others regard it as a pseudoscience. However, it is extremely
popular across all cultures and religions. History is complete with unreliable
cases proving the truth of such readings. There are various reasons attributed
to their accuracy are: Ambiguity is a key characteristic of predictions. If one
goes wrong, the blame lies with the interpretation and not with the prediction.
The need for confirmation forces people to look for instances when the
predictions have borne fruit. Predictions result in lowering of fear and anxiety
of the unknown. Predictions are an amusing diversion from the daily hustle
activities of life. Guesswork on the part of the teller, based on incomplete
shards of information helps in soothing one’s deepest fears so that a heavy
burden is lifted. A person returns from a reading in a relaxed state of mind.
The known reasons for their accuracy
are: The Forer effect refers to the tendency of people to rate
sets of statements as highly accurate
for them personally even though the statements could apply to many people. (The
Skeptic’s Dictionary) Cold reading is the
ability to gain information about someone without that person realizing that
they are actually giving up the information themselves. This is achieved using
a series of tricks and psychological manipulations to coax information out of
the interviewee, and then to pass it off as being generated by psychic powers
or other means. (RationalWiki) And a self-fulfilling prophecy in
which a person may modify his future course of action keeping his prediction in
mind. It may come true as a result of his altered actions. When an individual
divines for himself, it is a way of organizing his own chain of thought.
According
to Alexander Caillet’s the Thinking Path, it holds that thoughts (including
assumptions and beliefs) produce feelings, which produce behaviors, which
produce results. Emotions are connected with behavior but not all people
behave similarly with the same emotion. Handling emotions and how one can
behave towards it has a crucial effect on success and better decision making.
Overall mind
state and behavior has a certain nature founded mainly on the types of ideas or
thoughts a person thinks. Looking into the thoughts of depressed person, there
would be one saddening thought following another. When a person looks at the
past, there is regret, at the present, something is most often disappointing
and in the future there is anxiety or pessimism.
It has its benefits which include
lessening of anxiety levels. A major flip side to this coin is that it may
stimulate acute depression if the predictions are unexpected and untruthful. A person
with a strong belief and who works with principles can avoid being absorbed
into the nasty circle of fortune telling.
This study does not deal with the issue on accuracy of fortune telling, this paper focuses on its effect on human mind and behavior.
This study does not deal with the issue on accuracy of fortune telling, this paper focuses on its effect on human mind and behavior.
B. Statement of the Problem
This study aims to answer this
question:
1. What
are the psychological effects of fortune telling to people?
C.
Significance
of the Study
Fortune telling enthusiasts. This
research paper would be able to help fortune telling enthusiasts in learning
more about the unconscious effects to human mind and behavior of fortune
telling as a primary distortion that
sparks anxiety or the reverse which include reduction of anxiety levels and on
how deal with the happiness or anxiety brought by predictions.
College Students taking up the course BS in Psychology. This
research paper would be beneficial to college students taking up the course BS
in Psychology because it is in line with their specialization. Through this
research, they will acquire practical knowledge and can serve as a reference or
guide in understanding rational situations.
Future researchers. The research
would be able to provide future researchers essential information and ideas
which can serve as their guide for development of the paper. This
would allow them to furnish additional data that would be valuable for the
study.
D.
Scope
and Delimitation
This study focuses on the
psychological effects of fortune telling to people. Psychological effects and
psychology are being ruminated because it
primarily analyzes who and what we are, why we are like that, why we act and
think like that and how we can improve ourselves.
This
study briefly discusses some of the methods of fortune telling such as cartomancy,
astrology, palmistry and crystallomancy to consider people’s view on fortune
telling. This gives emphasis on three themes to classify fortune telling
namely: fortune telling as business, fortune telling as fraud and fortune
telling as counseling.
The study does not include the
mystical effects of fortune telling. It does not count the concept of whether or not the
paranormal phenomenon currently attributed to it is actually real or fake.
E.
Materials
and Methods
This paper utilizes
a descriptive method since the researcher aims to provide the psychological
effects of fortune telling. This method is defined as a process involving the
collection of data in order to test hypothesis or to answer questions
concerning the current status of the subject of the study (Gay 1976).
Discourse analysis
method will also be employed and it is defined as a qualitative method that has been adopted and developed by
social constructionists.
According to Dr. Eamon Fulcher it is based on some basic assumptions: Psychologists cannot be objective when studying human
behavior. In the scientific approach there is the belief that knowledge can be
gained by objectivity, reality is socially constructed and people are the
products of social interaction. The concept is discussed in early
discursive psychology by Potter and Wetherill (1987), “compare different
people’s attitudes to the same object” (p. 50). However, Potter and Wetherill
point out that “sameness of wording does not necessarily mean that respondents
will understand the terms or formulate the object of thought in an identical
way” (p.52).
Different respondents may have different perceptions and understandings
of the object being discussed. There is no assurance that each respondent will
react to the object in the same way. To combat this problem, the researcher
needs a better understanding of how people constitute, or construct and behave
and think about, the objects that they profess belief in.
This paper
gathered relevant information from various reference materials such as refereed
articles, books, publications in press, blogs and other online resources,
surveys and interviews.
F. Definition of Terms
Paranormal is a general term that designates
experiences that lie outside "the range of normal experience or scientific explanation" or
that indicates phenomena understood to be outside of science's current ability
to explain or measure.
Fortune
telling is the
practice of predicting the future, usually of an individual, through seemingly
mystical or supernatural means.
Psychology
is the scientific
study of human and animal behavior with the object of understanding why living
beings behave as they do.
Psychic
ability is term as the “sixth sense”, It
is a sense outside of our five physical senses - sight, sound, touch, taste and
smell. Others may refer to this sense as a “metaphysical” ability.
Extrasensory
perception (ESP)
involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical sense but sensed with the
mind.
Cartomancy
is fortune-telling or divination using a deck of cards.
Astrology
is fortune telling by using the movement of celestial bodies.
Palmistry or chiromancy is the art of
characterization and foretelling the future through the study of the
palm, also known as palm reading,
or chirology.
Crystallomancy is a form of divination or scrying
achieved through trance induction by means of gazing at a crystal globe, a pool
of water, a mirror, or any transparent object.